How does age affects male fertility?

Age is a critical factor influencing fertility, often more emphasized in women than men. However, recent studies highlight that advancing age significantly impacts male fertility as well.

As men age, various biological changes occur that can affect their reproductive capabilities. These changes encompass alterations in sperm quality, hormone levels, and genetic integrity, all contributing to a decline in fertility.

Understanding the effect of age on male infertility is essential for couples planning to conceive, healthcare providers, and researchers focusing on reproductive health.

This article explores the various ways in which age affects male fertility, examining the physiological and genetic changes that occur over time and their implications for conception and overall reproductive health.

How does ageing affect sperm quality?

One of the primary aspects affected by aging in men is sperm quality, which includes parameters such as sperm count, motility, and morphology.

• Unsuccessful Attempts to Conceive: Research indicates a gradual decline in sperm count as men age. A study published in the journal Fertility and Sterility found that men over the age of 40 have a significant reduction in sperm concentration compared to younger men. This decline in sperm count can reduce the likelihood of successful fertilization.
• Medical History: The ability of sperm to move effectively is crucial for reaching and fertilizing the egg. Studies show that sperm motility decreases with age. Men over 40 often exhibit a lower percentage of motile sperm, which can impede natural conception.
• Sexual Function Issues: The shape and structure of sperm are vital for successful fertilization. Abnormal sperm morphology increases with age, reducing the chances of the sperm successfully penetrating the egg. The World Health Organization (WHO) sets a standard where at least 4% of sperm should have normal morphology; however, older men frequently fall below this threshold.

For those in Pune, IVF Treatment & IUI Treatment in Deccan, and IVF Treatment & IUI Treatment in Baner are options to consider for addressing sperm quality issues

Hormonal Changes associated with male ageing

Hormonal balance plays a significant role in maintaining male fertility. As men age, several hormonal changes occur that can affect fertility:

• Sperm Count:Testosterone is crucial for sperm production and overall reproductive health. Men experience a gradual decline in testosterone levels starting in their mid-30s, which can lead to decreased sperm production and reduced libido.
• Testosterone Levels: Testosterone is crucial for sperm production and overall reproductive health. Men experience a gradual decline in testosterone levels starting in their mid-30s, which can lead to decreased sperm production and reduced libido.
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH): These hormones regulate the production of sperm and testosterone. With age, the levels of FSH and LH can become imbalanced, affecting sperm production and quality.
• Volume and pH: Normal semen volume ranges from 1.5 to 5 milliliters per ejaculation. The normal pH range is 7.2 to 8.0. Deviations from these ranges can indicate underlying issues in the male reproductive system.

While semen analysis provides valuable information, it has limitations. Variability in results can occur due to factors like abstinence duration and laboratory techniques. Therefore, it's often recommended to perform multiple analyses over a period of time.

Can aging cause genetic mutations in sperm?

As men age, the genetic integrity of their sperm can deteriorate, leading to increased risks for offspring:

• DNA Fragmentation: Older men are more likely to have higher levels of DNA fragmentation in their sperm. DNA fragmentation is associated with lower fertility rates and higher miscarriage rates. Techniques such as the DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) are used to measure this, with higher DFI values correlating with reduced fertility.
• Mutations and Chromosomal Abnormalities: (LH): The likelihood of mutations and chromosomal abnormalities in sperm increases with age. This can result in a higher risk of genetic disorders in offspring, such as autism and schizophrenia. Advanced paternal age has been linked to an increased risk of these and other conditions.

These hormonal assessments help identify underlying endocrine disorders that may contribute to infertility, offering a path for targeted treatments.

Risks Associated with Male Aging and Pregnancy

Paternal age is associated with several risks and conditions that can affect both the pregnancy and the health of the offspring:

• Autism Spectrum Disorders:: Studies have shown a higher incidence of autism spectrum disorders in children born to older fathers.
• Schizophrenia: Increased paternal age is linked to a higher risk of schizophrenia in offspring.
• Bipolar Disorder: There is evidence suggesting a connection between advanced paternal age and the risk of bipolar disorder in children.
• Birth Defects Older paternal age has been associated with an increased risk of certain birth defects and genetic mutations.

IVF, ICSI Success Rates in 40+ males

The success rates of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), can be influenced by paternal age:

• IVF Success Rates: Studies indicate that the success rates of IVF decrease with advancing paternal age. The quality and quantity of sperm decline, impacting the overall success rates of fertilization and embryo quality.
• ICSI Success Rates ICSI is often used when male infertility is a factor. While ICSI can bypass some of the issues related to sperm motility and count, the success rates can still be affected by the age-related decline in sperm quality and genetic integrity.

At What Age Does a Man’s Sperm Become Ineffective?

There is no specific age at which a man's sperm becomes entirely ineffective, but research indicates that significant declines in fertility potential typically begin around the age of 40. The following changes are commonly observed:

• Reduction in Sperm Count: Significant reductions in sperm count generally begin after age 40.
• Decreased Motility: Sperm motility starts to decline around the age of 40 to 45.
• Increased DNA Fragmentation: Higher levels of DNA fragmentation are often seen in men over 50, impacting the fertility and health of offspring.

How to Plan Pregnancy If You Are Above 40

For men over 40 planning to conceive, there are several steps to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy and reduce potential risks:

For a more detailed diagnosis, combining semen analysis with hormonal assessments and genetic testing can provide a holistic view of a man's reproductive health, pinpointing both functional and structural issues that may be contributing to infertility.

• Healthy Lifestyle: Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing stress can improve sperm quality.
• Regular Medical Check-Ups: Regular health check-ups and consultations with a fertility specialist can help identify and address potential issues early.
• Consider Genetic Counseling: Genetic counselling can provide insights into potential risks and help in making informed decisions regarding conception and pregnancy.
• Use Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): ART, such as IVF or ICSI, can be considered if natural conception is challenging. These technologies can assist in overcoming some of the fertility issues associated with advanced paternal age.
• Monitor Sperm Health: Regular semen analysis can help monitor sperm health and identify any changes that may require medical intervention.
• Early Planning: Starting the family planning process earlier rather than later can help mitigate some of the age-related declines in fertility.

Conclusion

Understanding the effect of age on male infertility is crucial for couples planning to conceive, healthcare providers, and researchers. The decline in sperm quality, hormonal changes, and increased genetic risks associated with ageing highlight the importance of timely reproductive planning and intervention.

By recognizing these factors, couples can make informed decisions about family planning, and healthcare providers can offer targeted treatments to address age-related infertility issues.

For male infertility treatment in Pune, seeking assistance from an infertility centre in Pune or consulting an infertility specialist in Pune can provide specialized care.